2. SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) 2.17 Financial instruments (Continued) Financial liabilities and equity instruments (Continued) Equity instruments (Continued) Treasury shares (Continued) When treasury shares are subsequently cancelled, the cost of treasury shares are deducted against the share capital account if the shares are purchased out of capital of the Company, or against the retained profits of the Company if the shares are purchased out of earnings of the Company. When treasury shares are subsequently sold or reissued pursuant to the employee share option scheme, the cost of treasury shares is reversed from the treasury share account and the realised gain or loss on sale or reissue, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and related income tax, is recognised in the capital reserve of the Company. Financial liabilities Initial recognition and measurement All financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value, minus transaction costs, except for those financial liabilities classified as at fair value through profit or loss, which are initially measured at fair value. Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or other financial liabilities. Financial liabilities are classified as at fair value through profit or loss if the financial liability is either held for trading or it is designated as such upon initial recognition. Financial liabilities classified as at fair value through profit or loss comprise derivatives that are not designated or do not qualify for hedge accounting. Other financial liabilities Trade and other payables Trade and other payables are initially measured at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, where applicable, using the effective interest method, with interest expense recognised on an effective yield basis. A gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss when the liability is derecognised and through the amortisation process. Borrowings Interest-bearing bank loans are initially measured at fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest method. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the settlement or redemption of borrowings is recognised over the term of the borrowings in accordance with the Group’s accounting policy for borrowing costs (see Note 2.5). A gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss when the liability is derecognised and through the amortisation process. Financial guarantee contracts The Group and the Company have issued corporate guarantees to banks for banking facilities granted by them to certain subsidiaries and these guarantees qualify as financial guarantees because the Group and the Company are required to reimburse the banks if these subsidiaries breach any repayment terms. Financial guarantee contract liabilities are measured initially at their fair values plus transaction costs and subsequently at the higher of the amount of the loss allowance and the amount initially recognised less cumulative amortisation in accordance with SFRS(I) 15. ANNUAL REPORT 2025 KEONG HONG HOLDINGS LIMITED 80 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED 30 SEPTEMBER 2025
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